Combi Aircraft

Combi Aircraft - Earlier this year, when the CEO of United Airlines was put in front of a Senate panel and asked to defend his company's notably shoddy treatment of a passenger, Sen. Bill Nelson (D-FL) described his interactions with air passengers as such: "[they] feel like they're being treated as self-loading cargo rather than as valued consumers."

This aircraft combined seating for around 200 passengers with the cargo volume of a Boeing 707 in full freighter configuration. For KLM it was an ideal solution and it bought seven 747-206B combis, with large side cargo doors in the rear of the fuselage. These aircraft were delivered to KLM between 1975 and 1981. To increase passenger seating in business class without reducing the plane's cargo capacity, all seven were fitted with a stretched upper deck in the early 1980s, identical to that of the 747-306 combi version, of which KLM acquired another three. Towards the end of the decade, when KLM began preparing for further expansion, an order was placed for Boeing 747-400 aircraft as replacements for the 747-200 series. KLM acquired five standard 747-400s, plus fifteen 747-400M combi aircraft to cater for continued mixed passenger and cargo operations into the twenty-first century.

Combi Aircraft

The ensuing investigation from the FAA made it more difficult and expensive to operate combi aircraft. The FAA pushed for these planes to be converted into either all-cargo or all-passenger carriers. When combined with the rise of dedicated cargo airlines, the need and attractiveness of combi planes significantly diminished. While there are still a handful of airlines operating these types of aircraft, the heyday of the combi is well and truly over.

The Fall Of The Combi’s Popularity

"Because of where we are and where we live, we have the opportunity to help move a lot of unique things, and a lot of them are living," Alaska Airlines Vice President Marilyn Romano noted to the wire service.

According to an article in Popular Mechanics, the decline of the combi aircraft all started in 1960 when a Yale student wrote a paper. Fred Smith’s paper suggested that there was a fundamental inefficiency in the way air freight was being organized. He said that putting cargo on passenger aircraft and relying on passenger schedules was slowing things down. His suggestion was to create a dedicated fleet working on its own schedule and routes, which could make air cargo an overnight affair.

Air cargo has long been a major element of air travel, with many aircraft including goods in the cargo hold that are best shipped through the air or are infeasible to be shipped through other means, like rail or ship.

The idea of a ‘combi’ aircraft, capable of shifting significant amounts of cargo as well as a good number of passengers, has been around for more than half a century. However, very few remain in service these days, with most of the heavy users already retiring the type. Why did combi aircraft fall out of favor?

Alaska Airlines

"We felt we need to enhance our position by bringing the aircraft in earlier and allowing us to continue to increase our market share," the airline's Lorraine Bonner told the Nunatsiaq News earlier this year regarding the airline's recent expansion efforts. (It added a flight to Ottawa relatively recently.)

Managing Editor -  Joanna has worked in publishing for more than a decade and is fast becoming a go-to source for commercial aviation analysis. Providing commentary for outlets including the BBC, CNBC, Reuters Thomson, and others, she works closely with IATA, AviaDev, and various airlines and suppliers to get the inside track on the global marketplace. Based in the United Kingdom

KLM has been using combi aircraft since 1975 when it took in an order of Boeing 747-200 combi planes. KLM found great use in the combi plane and — by the end of the decade — updated its fleet with Boeing 747-400s, which is the same aircraft that it uses for combi flights today.

Combi aircraft were particularly popular around the 1970s on routes where there weren't enough passengers flying to fill the aircraft. To make the service financially viable, in addition to passengers, airlines would use the aircraft to carry cargo. However, as the demand for passenger flights has grown, combi aircraft have become less of a necessity. While there are still some airlines that use existing combi aircraft, there are currently none in production.

The First Combi Aircraft

Alaska Airlines has long used combi aircraft on flights and is currently the only domestic airline in the US that operates combi flights. Due to Alaska's location, size, climate and the fact that it's so different to everywhere else in the US, a cargo section on the plane has always been a great been of great benefit to them.

Perhaps the airline that jumped in hardest for combi aircraft during this era was KLM. The Dutch airline has long taken advantage of the fact that many of its long-haul international flight paths aren't built to be sold out—making its aircraft well-suited for a little extra cargo.

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Certainly, we've come a long way from 1931, when domestic airmail represented 85 percent of air revenue, helping put the commercial air industry in flight—and eventually making room for commercial freight and passenger air travel to take over. But early on in particular, those two types of cargo existed side-by-side on many long-haul flights.

Boeing Changed The Game

According to the 2014 book Boeing 747: A History—Delivering the Dream, the combi format had become popular enough that 40 747s had been modified to add a cargo door, allowing for the shipment of 12 pallets worth of cargo, by 1977.

Cargo has always been an essential element of air transportation. From as long ago as the earliest origins of flight, moving mail in a timely manner from city to city was seen as just as important, sometimes more so, than moving passengers. As aviation grew up, cargo remained a critical element of airline economics, with boxes often sharing the same flight as people.

With relatively little known about the last moments of SAA Flight 295, the attention ultimately turned toward the weaknesses of the cargo compartment. Major aviation organizations, including the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration, raised concerns about the need for more fire resistance on cargo compartments. And in the years after the crash, the FAA changed regulations around combi planes in the U.S., requiring existing planes to be either upgraded to a higher standard or implement new fire suppression methods.

But just a few years later, Smith turned this idea into FedEx, a service that came on strong starting in the 1970s, becoming the first dedicated overnight delivery service with its own fleet of aircraft. It took a little bit, but the service was soon a major hit—which allowed passenger airlines to de-emphasize freight.

The Airframe Powerplant Technician Advantage

The decline of combi aircraft was further impacted by the tragic crash of South African Airways flight 295. The Boeing 747-200B, named Helderberg, was carrying a cargo of mostly electronics from Taipei to Johannesburg along with 124 passengers and crew when a fire broke out in the cargo area. The crew could not control the fire, and it was soon blazing out of control. Many passengers died from smoke inhalation; the rest perished when the aircraft crashed into the sea.

The Boeing 747 was appealing to airlines on several levels. The most significant shift here was its immense size, with a hold capable of swallowing several standard-sized pallets. By 1977, 40 Boeing 747s had been modified to add a cargo door, allowing the aircraft to hold 12 pallets of cargo.

In addition to having a uniquely functional design, ATI’s Combi aircraft meet U.S. FAA Stage Three/ICAO Chapter Three noise regulations worldwide. The long range full capacity of ATI’s 757 Combi aircraft allows us to operate over 3,000 miles non-stop, even with a full load of passengers, baggage and cargo.

KLM wasn’t the only airline heavily invested in the idea of combi aircraft. Across the pond, Alaska Airlines was making good use of another Boeing aircraft, albeit a little smaller, to facilitate the important cargo shipments delivered across its milk run flights. Alaska used the 737-400 for this mission, giving it capacity for 72 passengers and four large cargo containers.

Canadian North

In the 1960s, a Yale student named Fred Smith outlined a problem with the way that freight was delivered through the air system, saying that putting stuff on passenger planes, using passenger routes and schedules, just slowed things down. By creating a dedicated fleet that worked on its own schedule and routes, he claimed, freight could become an overnight affair.

Perhaps one of the earliest examples of this was Northwest Airlines, which had been approved for a route to Alaska in the 1940s, giving it access to the Asian market. The company publicly changed its name for a time to Northwest Orient Airlines to reflect this shift.

ATI’s experienced and friendly flight attendants are dedicated to making your flight the best it can be with individual personalized service on every flight. We are capable of serving beverages, along with hot and cold meals ranging from a light snack to a multi-course meal. Additionally, our service includes in-flight movie options.

Wherever you want to go in this world, chances are aviation maintenance can get you there. And once you arrive, that’s only the beginning. National Aviation Academy’s (NAA) hands-on career training will prepare you for the limitless opportunities available in aviation maintenance. We want you to dream bigger, reach higher, and watch your career take off!

First Air

As sad as it might be that Alaska Airlines is ditching combi aircraft after all these years, there will be at least one airline carrying the combi flame in North America. And it's focused on a similar spot, latitude-wise, as Alaska Airlines is.

“My instructors were knowledgeable about the subjects, and able to give me tips and tricks beyond the curriculum to improve my understanding of the material. With their support and National Aviation Academy’s curriculum I was able to, not only get my certifications, but secure employment!”

“I think a lot of women are intimidated by this kind of work or they see themselves in a cookie-cutter role. I hope that more women will get into trades and technical work like this because there’s a demand for it. At the end of the day it feels really good knowing that I’m helping pave the way for women coming up behind me.”

Canadian North, an airline that focuses on the northwest territories of Canada is a great example of an airline that still uses combi aircraft to make up for the lack of demand for passenger flights on certain routes.

The trend for ‘combi’ aircraft really evolved from there. In the 1960s and ‘70s, multiple airlines invested in aircraft that could do both jobs adequately well, a trend that was further stimulated by the rise of Boeing as a manufacturer.

Undoubtedly, the airline that embraced the ‘combi’ philosophy to the greatest extent was Dutch airline KLM. Many of its long-haul routes didn’t have the demand available to fill up a Boeing 747, so filling the wasted space with cargo was a bit of a no-brainer.

This U.S.-to-Asia route had some obvious benefits for cargo as well as passengers, of course, which meant that some of the earliest examples of airplanes that combined cargo functions with passenger seating were seen on Northwest Orient—specifically the Douglas DC-7C models, an example of which can be seen here.

The decision, per the FAA's Lessons Learned website, had the effect of leading many planes set up in a combi configuration to be converted to all-freight or all-passenger setups. While some adapted to the rule changes (mostly avoiding costly upgrades by successfully lobbying for the fire suppression solutions mentioned above), it had the effect of shifting portions of the markets away from what was already a somewhat unusual aircraft configuration.

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Cn35 Aircraft

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Cn35 Aircraft

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Cl 600 Aircraft

Cl 600 Aircraft - Over the years, subsequent versions of the Challenger have been fitted with improved engines and additional fuel tanks, as well as increasingly sophisticated instrumentation. More than 680 Challenger aircraft were produced between 1978 and 2005; they have served in every part of the globe.

The prototype of a new version of the Challenger began flying in January 2006. Some menu selections include a generic aircraft model, as well as more specific variants of that airliner. These variants are denoted by a - before the aircraft name.

Cl 600 Aircraft

The 'Keywords' field is perhaps the most useful field included in our search engine. Using this field, you may search for any word, term, or combinations of terms in our database. Every photo field is covered by the Keywords search routine.

Next, select a Keyword limiter. There are three options from which to choose:- is exactly- starts with- containsSelect the appropriate limiter for your search, then enter the keyword(s) you wish to search in the box on the right.

Montreal-based Canadair completely redesigned the aircraft to produce the prototype of the Challenger: the world's first wide-bodied business aircraft. It made its inaugural flight on November 8, 1978. The Challenger program was slow to get under way but, recognizing the aircraft's potential, Bombardier decided in 1986 to purchase Canadair.

This pulldown menu, in addition to each photographer available as a search limiter, also shows the number of photos currently in the database for each specific photographer, enclosed in brackets. For example, an option of:- Paul Jones [550].. indicates that there are 550 total photos taken by Paul Jones currently in the database.

The Keywords field is ideal for searching for such specifics as aircraft registrations, photographers' names, specific airport/city names, specific paint schemes (i.e. 'Wunala Dreaming'), etc. To use the Keywords field, begin by selecting a Keyworld search field.

You may select either a specific database field (airline, aircraft, etc.), or choose to match your keyword to all database fields. This pulldown menu, in addition to each year available as a search limiter, also shows the number of photos currently in the database for each specific year, enclosed in brackets.

For example, an option of:- 2003 [55000].. indicates that there are 55,000 total photos taken in the year 2003 currently in the database.*Note: The total number of photos, enclosed in brackets, is updated four (4) times hourly, and may be slightly inaccurate.

Please note that, due to space constraints, this menu only includes airlines of which 10 or more photos exist in our database. If the airline you're searching for is not in this list, use the 'Keywords' field further down in the search menu.

Additionally, decade ranges (1990-1999, etc.) are available as selections in this menu. Selecting a decade range will show all photos matching your other search criteria from the selected decade. The 'All Years' selection is the default selection for this option.

Between 1981 and 1982, it was fitted with new engines and had winglets added to its wing tips, to become the prototype of the second production version, the Challenger 601. Between 1993 and 1994, the aircraft was converted for use as a prototype for the

third production version, the Challenger 604, which had a longer range than previous models. By this time Canadair had been purchased by Bombardier. The Challenger was modified one last time between 1999 and 2004. In this iteration, it was used to build expertise in the design of fly-by-wire control systems.

If you are looking for photos of a specific aircraft type, use this menu. Please note that, due to space constraints, this menu includes only some of the more requested aircraft in our database. If the aircraft you're searching for is not in this list, use the 'Keywords' field further down in the search menus.

Selecting 'Boeing 747,' for example, will show results featuring all Boeing 747 jetliners in our database, while selecting '- Boeing 747-200' will show all Boeing 747-200 variants in our database (Boeing 747-200, Boeing 747- 212B, Boeing 747-283F, etc.)

All countries represented in our database are included in this selection menu, which is updated automatically as the database grows. There must be at least 20 photos from a specific airport in the database before that airport is added to this list.

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Cobi Aircraft Carrier

Cobi Aircraft Carrier - The COBI Graf Zeppelin aircraft carrier can be displayed on the display stand included in the set, which features a plate with the name and scale of the model. This advanced and exclusive collector's set is sure to please fans of navy, history and modeling, both big and small.

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Cobi Aircraft Carrier

The model was designed in a standard 1:300 scale. It consists of 2510 blocks and therefore will provide many hours of exciting construction and fun. We used high quality prints on the bricks, which accurately reproduce the painting and details of the original ship.

Uss Enterprise Aircraft Carrier Scale Building Block Set By Cobi -

These prints do not rub off, even during intense fun. The model comes with 6 micro airplanes and a special transparent block which, when attached to the board, can imitate the taking off plane. To this set of USS Enterprise (CV-6) we added a special display stand, which is used to present the built aircraft carrier.

The COBI Graf Zeppelin aircraft carrier can be displayed on the display stand included in the set, which features a plate with the name and scale of the model. This advanced and exclusive collector's set is sure to please fans of navy, history and modeling, both big and small.

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Graf Zeppelin Aircraft Carrier Scale Building Block Set By Cobi -

To learn more about how and for what purposes Amazon uses personal information (such as Amazon Store order history), please visit our Privacy Notice. The German aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin was the lead ship in a class of two carriers of the same name ordered by the Kriegsmarine of Nazi Germany.

She was the only aircraft carrier launched by Germany and represented part of the Kriegsmarine's attempt to create a well-balanced oceangoing fleet, capable of projecting German naval power far beyond the narrow confines of the Baltic and North Seas.

The carrier would have had a complement of 42 fighters and dive bombers.

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Cher Aircraft Carrier

Cher Aircraft Carrier - The Fujian - by far China's biggest, most modern and most powerful aircraft carrier to date - is the 80,000-ton jewel in the crown of a military expansion that has seen Beijing grow its navy into the world's largest.

That should be enough to give any would-be opponent pause for thought, especially given China's increasing aggression in its territorial disputes with Japan in the East China Sea, a host of Southeast Asian nations in the South China Sea, and its repeated harassment of the

Cher Aircraft Carrier

self-governed island of Taiwan – where it has pointedly refused to rule out an invasion. The plan posits two paths forward for at-sea naval aviation. The Navy could maintain 11 supercarriers or gradually reduce the supercarrier fleet to as few as eight in 2045. If the fleet does cut three supercarriers, it should replace the CVNs with as many as six CVLs, according to the plan.

The Uss Hornet Cv-

That's consistent with RAND's two-for-one CVL-to-CVN recommendation. Then there is the simple fact that, impressive as they seem, aircraft carriers aren't necessarily best suited to what experts see as the most plausible conflict scenarios in the near future – including clashes in the East and South China Seas and an invasion of Taiwan

. "This ship in particular has a sophisticated design, stealth features, radars, and a large missile inventory. It is larger and more powerful than most US, Japanese, and South Korean destroyers," RAND Corp. senior analyst Timothy Heath told CNN in 2018, when Beijing launched two of the warships in a single day – a testament to China's impressive shipbuilding capabilities.

For his part in saving the 77th Division, Cher Ami was awarded the Croix de Guerre, one of France's highest military honors for his gallantry in the field. General John Pershing, commander of the American Expeditionary Force, said "There isn't anything the United States can do too much for this bird."

We can guess, of course. The Navy's nine big-deck amphibious assault ships already double as light carriers by embarking large contingents of U.S. Marine Corps F-35B jump-jets. A custom-designed CVL could build on the capabilities of the newer America-class assault ships, which feature extensive aviation facilities at the expense of assault ships' usual floodable well-deck for launching landing craft.

Uss Midway Cv-

The Doughboy Foundation's mission is to keep the story of "the War that Changed the World" in the minds of all Americans, so that the 4.7 million who served in the U.S. Armed Forces during WWI will never again be relegated to the mists of obscurity. LEARN MORE

Even then, China will be far from parity with America. The Fujian is conventionally powered, whereas American carriers are nuclear-driven, giving them greater speed and endurance. Plus America has decades of experience operating carriers. It will take at least two years to complete the Fujian, and probably more to perfect using its catapult.

Even if, as some suspect, China is already building a nuclear-powered carrier and plans to have four by 2035, that would still leave it lagging America. Yet such comparisons can mislead. China's carriers are not designed for direct confrontation with America, naval experts say.

In a war over Taiwan or in the seas around China (the likeliest conflicts involving China and America) ballistic and sea-skimming missiles would quickly destroy any big ships. China is more likely to use its carriers against less powerful countries—much as America has since the cold war.

Uss Intrepid Cv-

Think, perhaps, of a confrontation with Vietnam over disputed islands or an intervention in Africa to protect Chinese interests. In the missile era, it is unrealistic to imagine a clash like the battle of Midway in 1942, which involved three American carriers and four Japanese ones, says Sam Roggeveen of the Lowy Institute, a think-tank in Sydney.

"I don't read China's carrier ambitions as being a direct challenge to American naval power," he says. "I really view it as a gambit to build a navy that will be useful when the Americans are far less powerful and when China has more space to coerce and punish smaller countries."

■ Aaron is a first-hand traveler who has visited more than 80 countries around the world. He is passionate about traveling and opening up the world for other intrepid explorers. He can be reached on Instagram at aaronspray

The USS Hornet is also an Essex class aircraft carrier that was built for World War Two. She was completed in 1943 and assigned to the Fast Carrier Task Force. She saw action in 1944, attacking Japanese installations in New Guinea, Palau, and Truk, among others.

Uss Yorktown Cv-

Today one of the greatest attractions for divers today is seeing the sunk Japanese fleet at Truk (Chuuk) Lagoon. Yet the Fujian's most significant feature was hidden from view on its launch from Shanghai's Jiangnan shipyard.

Hoardings concealed the parts of its deck that will house an electromagnetic catapult for launching aircraft. That will allow heavier fighter jets (carrying more fuel and weapons), as well as surveillance planes and smaller drones, to fly from the Fujian.

It can thus undertake more ambitious missions than China's other two carriers, which entered service in 2012 and 2019, but have so far exercised only in Asian waters. The aircraft-carrier has long been a symbol of military power.

Admiral William Halsey, who commanded an early American one and led Allied forces in the South Pacific during the second world war, described it in 1942 as the best way to "get to the other fellow with everything you have, as fast as you can,

Uss Lexington Cv-

and to dump it on him.” That has held true for most of the eight decades since, during which carriers played a key role in conflicts from Korea to Libya. They remain critical to ensuring American military dominance in Asia as friction with China intensifies, especially over Taiwan.

"They are not significantly more expensive than smaller warships," Eric Wertheim, author of Combat Fleets of the World, said of CVNs. But, he added, the big flattops "are inherently more adaptable for new technology, capabilities and missions during the long lifespan of a vessel."

"The People's Armed Forces Maritime Militia don't fish," Schuster told CNN last year. "They have automatic weapons aboard and reinforced hulls, making them very dangerous at close range. Also, they have a top speed of around 18-22 knots, making them faster than 90% of the world's fishing boats."

Beijing has built 17 of the Type 39A/B subs, with plans to increase that total to 25 in the next three years, according to the US Defense Department's 2021 report to Congress on China's military power.

The Doughboy Foundation's mission is to keep the story of "the War that Changed the World" in the minds of all Americans, so that the 4.7 million who served in the U.S. Armed Forces during WWI will never again be relegated to the mists of obscurity. LEARN MORE

Firstly, the Fujian likely won't be operational for another three to four years, said Carl Schuster, a former US Navy captain and former director of operations at the US Pacific Command's Joint Intelligence Center. And even when it is operational, its size will make it an obvious target – any enemy will be keenly aware that sinking such an iconic vessel would be as much of a morale blow as a military disaster for China.

She remained the largest ship in the world for a decade until 1955. During her time, she saw action in Vietnam and took part in Operation Desert Storm in Iraq but was decommissioned right after it in 1992.

Like other ships, she took part in the Korean War (she had to be pulled out of reserve) and was modernized as an anti-submarine carrier. She played a minor role in the Vietnam War and also took part in the Apollo program.

The Fujian is designed to change that. Once sea trials are complete, it will probably start operating with upgraded j-15 models that include nose gear designed for the catapult, better radar and heavier weapons, including bombs and guided missiles.

Later they will probably be joined by a new stealth fighter, the J-35. That plane could be ready for use in the latter half of the decade, says Henry Boyd of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, a think-tank in London.

He projects a similar time frame for the kj-600, a new fixed-wing "early warning and control" aircraft to co-ordinate fighter operations and detect incoming threats. Andreas Rupprecht, an author of books on Chinese military aviation, describes that as "the force multiplier" allowing the Fujian's air wing to operate similarly to those on America's carriers, which often involve a combination of f/a-18 fighters, stealthy f-

35s and Hawkeye early-warning and control aircraft. Its new combat systems – such as an electromagnetic catapult-assisted launch system – show China is fast catching up with the United States, experts say, and will give it the ability to launch more aircraft, more quickly, and with more ammunition.

The shipbuilding plan, which the administration of President Donald Trump released last week, is a fairly flimsy document, politically speaking. The administration of president-elect Joe Biden, which assumes office on Jan. 20, could—and almost certainly will—abandon or revise the plan.

The USS Midway is the only museum aircraft carrier that is not an Essex Class carrier. She was the lead ship of her class and was commissioned just eight days after the end of World War Two.

Still, the Trump plan reflects the consensus in Navy circles that the fleet should grow by adding more smaller ships, which could spread out in order to avoid Chinese attacks. It's not hard to imagine Biden's own budget proposals hewing to the broad outlines of the Trump plan.

"China's biggest ferry shipbuilder stated publicly in 2015 that one of its largest roll-on/roll-off ferries was built for dual military and civilian purposes, and one of China's largest ferry operators has been similarly described as having a dual civil-military development

philosophy," Thomas Shugart, a former US Navy submarine commander now a fellow at the Center for a New American Security, wrote in a 2021 essay for War on the Rocks. She is another of the four Essex class aircraft carriers to survive today (unfortunately, the massively iconic USS Enterprise was scrapped right after the war).

She was also commissioned in August 1943 and participated in the Pacific War against Japan - notably the Battle of Leyte Gulf. Crunching the numbers, said Shugart, was staggering. He estimated that using civilian ships would give China an extra 1.1 million displacement tonnes.

That figure is more than three times the displacement tonnage of all of China's amphibious assault ships put together. And if China tapped Hong Kong's roll-on/roll-off vehicle carriers it could gain an extra 370,000 tonnes of sealift, according to Shugart.

On October 4th, American heavy artillery began to bombard the Lost Battalion's position on accident, killing thirty men as they held the line. Major Whittlesey and his men watched as bird after bird fell out of a sky torn apart by German fire.

With supplies running out and casualties mounting rapidly, Major Whittlesey desperately sent out his last pigeon, Cher Ami, to the American lines with a note that simply read, "We are along the road parallel to 276.4.

Our own artillery is dropping a barrage directly on us. For heaven's sake, stop it." With fire raining down on them from all sides, Cher Ami was now the last chance for the Lost Battalion to walk off that hill alive.

It's not clear yet what a CVL would look like. "New capability concepts like the light aircraft carrier need to be further refined to fully illuminate their potential to execute key mission elements in a more distributed manner, and to inform the best mix of a future CVN/CVL force," the plan states.

The USS Yorktown is an Essex Class aircraft carrier built in World War Two. Named after the Battle of Yorktown in the American War of Independence and took the name in honor of the previous aircraft carrier USS Yorktown CV-5.

USS Yorktown CV-5 had fought in the Battle of the Coral Sea and then the Battle of Midway, where she met her end. The militia has two main parts: professional militia boats and actual fishing boats employed by the Chinese military under a subsidy scheme, according to a November report from the Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS).

"When operating on batteries, AIP-equipped submarines are almost silent, with the only noise coming from the shaft bearings, propeller, and flow around the hull," US Navy officers Michael Walker and Austin Krusz wrote in a 2018 report for the US Naval

Institute's Proceedings magazine. The potency of the Type 055 was underlined in footage that emerged on social media in April. It showed one launching what naval analyst H I Sutton said was a hypersonic YJ-21 anti-ship ballistic missile - a weapon often referred to as a "carrier killer."

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Civ 6 Aircraft Carrier

Civ 6 Aircraft Carrier - I was in the Navy for 7 years and I must say, you did a phenomenal job of having their promotion tree actually be relevant to what Aircraft carriers do. Bravo, your mod is going to be one of those special few that I use in every game.

I want to be very wrong, but I think the aircraft carrier is supposed to operate just like the aerodromes built on land. Does it just not work as such? Here is a scenario that I want to give to show my misconception of the unit.

Civ 6 Aircraft Carrier

I am sending an entire navy escorting my army to invade another country, however, they are at least 20 hexes away. Can I use the aircraft carrier to deploy the planes anywhere I want to cover my units in the water?

I want to dock this unit in foreign waters and deploy the planes into hostile territory (again) 20 hexes away from any of my cities. HOWEVER these can be easily pillaged via highly mobile late game units (helos and tanks) If you were to instead get a couple carriers out (say 5-6) your entire squadron of airplanes is now able to travel around the map in an instant where

ever they are needed and they are nearly impossible to lock down as you can always just move the aircraft carrier AND easily defend all of your naval units with the airplanes. Also keep in mind that many many people neglect ships meaning that you can use these units to control both the land and the seas (and of course air).

Cries in Nintendo switch CIV 6 D: This sounds so epic, I think the carriers are way to weak in the game compared to their real version. I wish there would be an option to get this mod for the switch :(

To base an aircraft in the carrier, click the plane and choose "rebase" and move it to the carrier. Then you can select the carrier and move. To attack select the plane in the carrier and do a bombing run.

Looking at the promotion tree, it seems that it still has a melee strength, which means that it's likely that it'll defend back. It's melee strength isn't very high though, so the other ships of those eras will still easily destroy it

you'd be shocked just how wrong you are (about them not being worth the cost). The only other way to get mobile airplanes is to build a crap tun of engineers to spam out some airstrips.

Question, as it isn't explained in the mod, and I'm at work right now so can't test for myself: what happens if an Aircraft Carrier is attacked by say, a Naval Meele unit? Does it just take straight damage?

Does it sink? I didn't know this either ( tho I haven't played in almost a year because it needs an update and I I downloaded it on the new computer I got and epic games sucks and won't even let me open it half the time because of trash

wifi) Your work is great! The only catch I see with the promotions is the op potential of the anti sub promotion, making the aircraft carrier a full counter to subs... when subs were actually designed to sink capital ships (ie carriers in WWII) Would it be possible to tune the

promotion down a bit (like : increase the detection range of hidden unit by one tile) ? Or making a tier III promotion? So the aircraft only extends the range of nearby air bases? I want the aircraft carrier to function as an aerodome;

Air units base on them and deploy with a reasonable range from the unit itself rather than being dependent on aerodome built on land. I really want to find a way to use aircraft carriers properly as I think their the coolest irl ships in the world.

There is no better late game units than airplanes as they can easily both attack and defend in an instant, traveling from your capital to the front line and vice versa in 1 turn and attacking in 2 regardless of the distance (I've used them to defend

from a sneak attack against my capitol while they were attacking another player 40 tiles away). Although hard to get online they remain my favorite unit in Civ 6.

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